The emergence of different varieties of English worldwide Essay Example For Students

The emergence of different varieties of English worldwide Essay To cite the examples, consider wet (to water flowers), globe (electric bulb), buk (from book, meaning anything written), savi buk (from know book, meaning educated), environment (neighborhood) and bluff (to give an air of importance). A number of lexical items retain the old meaning but are no longer prevailing in Native English. One example is Dress (move at the end of a row for the sake of creating room for extra people) is the reserved meaning recorded by the Shorter Oxford English Dictionary to form in proper alignment. 3) Replacement: We will write a custom essay on The emergence of different varieties of English worldwide specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Last but not lease, the final type of English colonial activity replacement will be identified in the forthcoming part. As mentioned, replacement is characterized by the phenomenon that a pre-colonial population is replaced by new labor from elsewhere, especially the slaves from West Africa (Leith 1996:181-2). In fact, there were so many pidgins and creoles thanks to the colonial activity. To make the picture clearer, the history of slave trade should be described firstly. Slave trade was originated in the mid sixteenth century when a man called Sir John Hawkins sold the captured slaves to Caribbean. After that, English started to send Africa slaves to south part of America, including Jamaica, in order to provide workforce or labors. The varieties therefore emerged as the consequence of connection amidst British and West African people attributed to colonization of America and Atlantic slave trade. In generality, majority of the English-based Creole were formed by the vocabulary of English-speaking sailors and settlers, together with many loanwords, loan transitions, grammatical patterns and so forth. According to Ligon, shipments of slaves were fetchd from several parts of Africa, who speak severall languages, and by that means, one of them understands not another (Ligon, 1647, p. 46). This statement implies the tactic that policy of the slave trader was to bring people of different language backgrounds together in the ships, to make it difficult to plot rebellion (Crystal, 1988, p. 235). If Crystal is correct, pidgin would be the only available communication among the slaves. As the time goes by, pidgin will develop as Creole and become a thoroughly functioning language. In fact, Jamaican Creole enjoys the highest status among various Creoles in the sense that it has the longest-standing literature and the media and artistic use. The Dictionary of Jamaican English (1967, 1980) was written to help standardize the spelling. It was in turn encouraged a fuller use of Creole by Jamaican writers (McArthur, T 2002). Here the citations of the vocabulary of Jamaican Creole will be listed. First, it has many words from other languages like pikni (small child) from Portuguese and ho senny ho (hows business? ) from Chinese. Moreover, there is reduplication in Jamaican Creole like poto-poto (very slimy or muddy) and fenky-fenky (very puny cowardly, fussy). Furthermore, in 18th century there was the presence of nautical terms in Jamaican speech. To cite the examples, berth (office), store (warehouse) and jacket (waistcoat). Conclusion: To conclude, there are many varieties of English around the world but they are commonly regarded as English since that is how their speakers firstly identify them, due to historical reasons (McAuthur, T 2002). In fact, the most significant factor contributing to these varieties is colonization. Three types of colonization, as mentioned above, generate different linguistic consequence and, at the end of the day, the New Englishes. Following this, scholar like David Graddol tries to estimate the future of English. Yet, the most crucial point is, English undoubtedly experiences the highest status in the world right now. .ud15352d8219d392cdeb8bae8d459147a , .ud15352d8219d392cdeb8bae8d459147a .postImageUrl , .ud15352d8219d392cdeb8bae8d459147a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud15352d8219d392cdeb8bae8d459147a , .ud15352d8219d392cdeb8bae8d459147a:hover , .ud15352d8219d392cdeb8bae8d459147a:visited , .ud15352d8219d392cdeb8bae8d459147a:active { border:0!important; } .ud15352d8219d392cdeb8bae8d459147a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud15352d8219d392cdeb8bae8d459147a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud15352d8219d392cdeb8bae8d459147a:active , .ud15352d8219d392cdeb8bae8d459147a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud15352d8219d392cdeb8bae8d459147a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud15352d8219d392cdeb8bae8d459147a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud15352d8219d392cdeb8bae8d459147a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud15352d8219d392cdeb8bae8d459147a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud15352d8219d392cdeb8bae8d459147a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud15352d8219d392cdeb8bae8d459147a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud15352d8219d392cdeb8bae8d459147a .ud15352d8219d392cdeb8bae8d459147a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud15352d8219d392cdeb8bae8d459147a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: How does Emily Bronte present Heathcliff in the first seven chapters? EssayReferences: Edgar W. Schneider (2007) Postcolonial English: varieties around the world, The emergence of American English, New York: Cambridge University Press, 278-289. McArthur, T. (2002) The Oxford Guide to World English, Oxford, Oxford University Press. Leith, D and Jackson, L (2007) Chapter 2 The origins of English in Changing English, London: Routledge, The Open University. Leith, D, Graddol, D and Jackson, L (2007) Chapter 3 Modernity and English as a national language in Changing English, London: Routledge, The Open University. Leith, D, (2007) Chapter 4 English colonial to postcolonial in Changing English, London: Routledge, The Open University. Jenkins, J (2009) World Englishes A resource book for students, London and New York: Routledge, Taylor Francis Group.

Virginia During the Civil War

Virginia During the Civil War The Confederate States of America (CSA) was founded in February 1861. The actual Civil War began on April 12, 1861. Just five days later,  Virginia became the eighth state to secede from the Union.   The decision to secede was anything but unanimous and resulted in the formation of West Virginia on November 26, 1861. This new border state did not secede from the Union.  West Virginia is the sole state that was formed by seceding from a Confederate state. Article IV, Section 3 of the U.S. Constitution provides that a new state cannot be formed within a state without that state’s consent. However, with Virginias secession this was not enforced. Virginia had the largest population in the South and its  storied history played an enormous role in the founding of the U.S. It was the  birthplace and home of Presidents George Washington and Thomas Jefferson.  In May 1861, Richmond, Virginia became the capital city of the CSA because it had the natural resources that Confederate government so badly needed to effectively wage a war against the Union.  Although the city of Richmond is situated only a mere 100 miles from the U.S. capital in Washington, D.C., it  was a large industrial city. Richmond was also the home to Tredegar Iron Works, one of the largest foundries in U.S. prior to the onset of the Civil War.  During the war, Tredegar produced over 1000 canons for the Confederacy as well as armor plating for warships.  In addition to this, Richmond’s industry produced a number of different war materials such as ammunition, guns and swords as well as supplied uniforms, tents and leather goods to the Confederat e Army. Battles in Virginia The majority of the battles in the Civil War’s Eastern Theater took place in Virginia, mainly due to the need to protect Richmond from being captured by Union forces. These battles include the Battle of Bull Run, which is also known as the First Manassas. This  was the first major battle of the Civil War fought on July 21, 1861 and also a major Confederate victory. On August 28, 1862, the Second Battle of Bull Run began. It lasted for three days with over a combined 100,000 soldiers on the battlefield.   This battle also ended with a Confederate victory. Hampton Roads, Virginia was also the site of the first naval battle between ironclad warships. The USS Monitor and the CSS Virginia fought to a draw in March 1862.  Other major land battles that occurred in Virginia include Shenandoah Valley, Fredericksburg, and Chancellorsville. On April 3, 1865, the Confederate forces and government evacuated their capital at Richmond and troops were ordered to burn all of the industrial warehouses and businesses that would be of any value to Union forces. Tredegar Irons Works was one of a few businesses that survived the burning of Richmond, because its  owner had it protected through the use of armed guards.  The advancing Union Army began to quickly extinguish the fires, saving most of the residential areas from destruction. The business district didn’t fare as well with some estimating at least twenty-five percent of the businesses suffering a total loss.  Unlike General Sherman’s destruction of the South during his March to the Sea,  it was the Confederates themselves who destroyed the city of Richmond. On April 9, 1865, the Battle of Appomattox Court House proved to be the last significant battle of the Civil Was as well as the final battle for General Robert E. Lee. He would officially surrender there to Union General Ulysses S. Grant on  April 12, 1865.   The war in Virginia was finally over.

List of the Marginal Seas of the Indian Ocean

List of the Marginal Seas of the Indian Ocean The Indian Ocean is a relatively large ocean with an area of 26,469,900 square miles (68,566,000 sq km). It is the worlds third largest ocean behind the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. The Indian Ocean is located between Africa, the Southern Ocean, Asia and Australia and has an average depth of 13,002 feet (3,963 m). The Java Trench is its deepest point at -23,812 feet (-7,258 m). The Indian Ocean is most known for causing the monsoonal weather patterns that dominate much of Southeast Asia and for being an important chokepoint throughout history.The Ocean also borders several marginal seas. A marginal sea is an area of water that is a partially enclosed sea adjacent to or widely open to the open ocean (Wikipedia.org). The Indian Ocean shares its borders with seven marginal seas. The following is a list of those seas arranged by area. All figures were obtained from Wikipedia.orgs pages on each sea.1) Arabian SeaArea: 1,491,126 square miles (3,862,000 sq km)2) Bay of BengalArea: 838,614 s quare miles (2,172,000 sq km)3) Andaman SeaArea: 231,661 square miles (600,000 sq km)4) Red SeaArea: 169,113 square miles (438,000 sq km)5) Java SeaArea: 123,552 square miles (320,000 sq km)6) Persian GulfArea: 96,911 square miles (251,000 sq km)7) Sea of Zanj (located off the east coast of Africa)Area: UndefinedReferenceInfoplease.com. (n.d.). Oceans and Seas - Infoplease.com. Retrieved from: infoplease.com/ipa/A0001773.html#axzz0xMBpBmBwWikipedia.org. (28 August 2011). Indian Ocean - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_oceanWikipedia.org. (26 August June 2011). Marginal Sea - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marginal_seas

Advanced Writing for Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Advanced Writing for Marketing - Essay Example The document helps the President improve job performance evaluation, in terms of sale manager’s performance. The document is intended to replace the current job evaluation rubric, in terms of the manager’s job benchmarks. The document explains the superiority of the proposed annual report-based benchmark over the current attendance based criteria. It is highly recommended that that annual report, income statement, replace the current job performance benchmark (Weaver 2007 293). The current benchmark pales in comparison with the proposed annual report rubric. The income statement is used by most business entities as job performance yardstick. Judging from the use of the income statement as the standard global criteria, it is highly recommended that you, my president friend, follow suit. Further, implementing your current attendance-based criteria is understandable. You are reducing the manager’s job responsibilities. The human resource department is tasked with collection the attendance reports of the managers. All the managers have to do is to â€Å"time in† by swiping one’s identification card through the attendance machine. When the manager leaves the office, all the manager has to do is to â€Å"log out†. Logging out is done by swiping one’s identification card through the time recording machine strategically located near the entrance / exit pathways. The human resource department presents the attendance report to you, President, indicating your sales managers’ tardiness report. Furthermore, this is comprehensible. Your current impression of the best employee is one who is devoted to one’s job. A loyal employee will normally reduce absences and tardiness to allowable levels. Your company allows excused absences on reasonable ground. Reasonable grounds include unexpected traffic from home to the work area, hurricanes, earthquakes, and other reasonable causes. Lastly, labor law regulations allow absences your employee is

Hoegh & Jensen's main points Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Hoegh & Jensen's main points - Essay Example The researcher states that Hoegh and Jensen created workshops and activities to determine the usability problems faced by the users of the software along with the problems that the software developers themselves thought to be crucial which users could encounter. Then these users were divided and assigned to different projects that were set up. First, the users’ reactions and the instances, when they got stuck using the software, were recorded which was followed by the listing of problems that the developers identified. It was planned to find out if there were mutual problems that the developers and users identified or there were differences in the identification and realization of diverse usability problems. Then the authors or rather arbitrators were appointed to carry out the procedures and analysis in order to determine what the software developers themselves think about the problems that exist in their software. To identify the authentic usability problems, the developers were asked to list down the problems they thought could be hindering for the users. It was a basic plan to listen and account for both the sides, that is, the developers and the users, and then to merge the usability problems, issues and experiences further on to identify the true usability problems that both parties agreed upon to make the identification process easier for the developers. A certain type of diversity was kept to observe different results from the three different projects.

Example of Resume and Practical Application Letter Essay Example for Free

Example of Resume and Practical Application Letter Essay On behalf of the School of Business and Economics, I submit herewith an application for the student mentioned below to conduct his/her industrial training under your esteemed organization. The industrial training program is one of the course requirements for student to complete their Bachelor of Business (with honors) degree at University Malaysia Sabah. For your information, the placement should last for 3 months from 24 June 2013 to 13 September 2013. The main objective of this placement is to expose the student to the working environment in the corporate world, of which can be explained further by the attached â€Å"Program Objectives’’. The following student (enclosed CV) is majoring in Entrepreneurship: 1. BB1011xxxx ALIA UMAIRA BINTI MOHD RAFI (I/C NO: 901228-01-xxxx) For further information, please do not hesitate to contact any number of the practicum coordinator during office hours. In addition, below are few other objectives with regard to practical training: o To brief the trainees the roles and task performed as well as to prepare daily/weekly schedule. o To improve the trainees understanding on the company’s roles and contribution towards the industry. o To provide opportunity for trainees to be involved in the organization operation management and other activities such as briefing/seminars, workshops, exhibition and etc. o To improve communication and public relation techniques in order to enhance better relationship within the company as well as the customers.

A Delicate Balance by Edward Albee Proposal Essay -- delicate balance,

My proposal to the class is the play A Delicate Balance by Edward Albee. It is a psychologically based drama dealing with the issues and complexities of upper-middle-class suburb dwellers. There are six characters, including two men and four women. All of the characters are in an adult age range. The plot of the play takes place in the living room of Agnes and Tobias, a middle-aged married couple as their life is disrupted by the coming and going of friends and family with many problems to face. The story opens with Agnes and her husband discussing madness and how easy it would be to go insane. Agnes suddenly finds the notion silly, remembering that she has her husband to take care of, so she cannot go mad. Agnes’ younger sister, Claire, lives with the couple permanently. She is an alcoholic. Drinking serves as a motif throughout the play, many of the characters holding drinks most of the time. In conversation, Claire predicts the ending of Agnes and Tobias’ troubled daughter, Julia’s fourth marriage. Soon Agnes announces that Julia will be coming home because her marriage, in fact, has ended. Tobias then tells the story of a cat he once had that he had to put down because it no longer liked him. Following this, Harry and Edna arrive. They are Tobias and Agnes’ best friends. They ask if they can stay in the house for a while to escape some unnamed fear. In act two, the scene begins with Agnes and Tobias discussing the fact that Harry and Edna will be occupying Julia’s old room. This upsets Julia, and she makes this known to Tobias. Tobias brings up all of Julia’s failed marriages. Julia’s brother, who died at a young age, is brought to light. Claire enters and nags Julia about her disordered life. Julia retorts about Cla... ...t are relevant to everyone. They are universal— existing throughout humanity and throughout the ages. People could be touched, moved, and changed by this piece. I’m a total advocate for that. â€Å"Theatre is to disturb the comfort and comfort the disturbed,† right? I love that quote. This, I think, would cause a few comfortable people to call their own lives and sanity into question. It would also remind the insane that they are indeed not alone or really crazy at all. We all have issues. They are just not as good at hiding it as the rest of society. It may be a challenge, but I say we go for it. Maybe we’ll even be surprised. The awards A Delicate Balance has won are as follows: 1967 Pulitzer Prize for Drama, 1996 Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Revival of a Play, 1996 Tony Award for Best Revival of a Play, and a nomination for the 1967 Tony Award for Best Play.